Solar array support methods and systems

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for disposing and supporting a solar panel array are disclosed. In one embodiment, a system for supporting a solar panel array includes the use of support columns and cables suspended between the support columns, with the solar panels received by solar panel receivers that are adapted to couple to the cables. The solar panel array may then be used to provide power as well as shelter. Cooling, lighting, security, or other devices may be added to the solar panel array. Embodiments of the invention include differing ways to support the solar panels by receivers of differing construction. Special installations of the system can include systems mounted over structure, such as parking lots, roads and aqueducts.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/465,727 filed on May 7, 2012, entitled “Solar Array Support Methodsand Systems” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/255,178, filed on Oct. 21, 2008, entitled “Solar Array SupportMethods and Systems”, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,212,140, which is acontinuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No.12/143,624, filed on Jun. 20, 2008 entitled, “Solar Array SupportMethods and Systems”, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,547, which is acontinuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No.12/122,228, filed on May 16, 2008, entitled “Solar Array Support Methodsand Systems”, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser.No. 11/856,521, filed on Sep. 17, 2007, entitled “Solar Array SupportMethods and Systems”, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,687,706, which is acontinuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/606,204, filedJun. 25, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,719, entitled “Solar ArraySupport Methods and Systems”, which claims priority from ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 60/459,711, filed Apr. 2, 2003, entitled “SOLARSCULPTURE ENERGY AND UTILITY ARRAY”, each prior application beingincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to the field of solar energy capture,and more particularly, to devices, systems, and methods relating tosolar energy capture.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Present systems for supporting solar panels tend to be bulky andexpensive. Given the size and weight of such systems, implementation ofsolar panel arrays in remote locations is difficult and expensive. Whenlarge equipment is required, installation of a solar panel array in anenvironmentally sensitive area without significantly impacting thesurrounding habitat becomes very difficult. Typically, such supportsystems do not allow for secondary uses of the solar panel arrays.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in an illustrative embodiment, includes a systemfor supporting a solar panel array. The system includes two pairs ofvertical columns, where each pair includes a tall column and a shortcolumn. The pairs of vertical columns are placed some distance apart. Afirst support cable is secured between the short columns and a secondsupport cable is secured between the tall columns. A guy wire or otheranchoring devices may be attached to the columns to provide lateralsupport to the columns against the tension created by suspending thesupport cables between the spaced columns. The system further includes asolar panel receiver adapted to be secured to the two support cables.The solar panel receiver may be adapted to receive any type of solarpanel or several panels. The receiver may include a maintenance catwalkor other access providing design element.

In another illustrative embodiment, the present invention includes asystem for providing both shelter and electricity. The system may againinclude columns, support cables, and one or more solar panel receiversas in the illustrative solar panel array support system noted above. Thesystem further includes a number of solar panels secured to or receivedby the solar panel receiver. The columns may be sized to allow anactivity to occur beneath the solar panel receivers. For example, if thedesired activity is to provide a shaded parking lot, the columns mayhave a height allowing vehicles to be parked beneath the solar panelreceivers, and the columns may be spaced apart to create a shelteredarea sized to correspond to the desired area of the parking lot. In yetanother illustrative embodiment, the present invention includes a systemfor supporting a solar panel array, the system comprising four anchorpoints, with a first support cable suspended between a first pair ofanchor points, and a second support cable suspended between a secondpair of anchor points. The system further includes a solar panelreceiver adapted to be supported by the first and second support cables,the solar panel receiver also adapted to receive one or more solarpanels.

In a further embodiment, the present invention includes methods ofsupporting a solar panel array. The methods include the step of usingcables to support solar panel receivers adapted to receive one or moresolar panels. In yet another embodiment, the present invention includesa method of creating a sheltered space that makes use of a solar panelarray that creates electricity, where the method also includes using theelectricity to cool an area beneath the array. For example, theelectricity produced from the array can be used to power a water pumpthat delivers water to a water-misting device secured to the array. Anetwork of water lines and misting-nozzles can be distributed throughoutthe array to provide cooling under the array which when coupled with theshade, produced by the overhead array, can be used to effectively coolthe area under the array.

In further embodiments, various combinations of curved shaped and planarshaped panel receivers are used in solar arrays sized to meet specificinstallation requirements.

In other embodiments, the present invention includes systems comprisingvarious combinations of support cables, anchor lines, anchors, andsupport columns.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a solar panel array supported inaccordance to an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section view of a solar panel array supportedin accordance to an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a horizontal section view of a solar panel array supported inaccordance to an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a perspective rear view of an illustrative solar panel array;

FIG. 5 is a perspective side view of an illustrative solar panel array;

FIG. 6 is a rear perspective view of an illustrative pod showing the useof several struts and cords to create a rigid member;

FIG. 7 is a section view of an illustrative pod including severaloptional features;

FIG. 8 is a front perspective view of several solar panel receiverslinked together;

FIG. 9 is a front elevation view of several solar panel receivers linkedtogether;

FIG. 10 is a front and side perspective view of an illustrative solarpanel array including a center support member;

FIG. 11 is a section view showing an illustrative solar panel arrayincluding a center support member;

FIG. 12 is a front elevation view of an illustrative solar panel arraysuspended across a valley;

FIG. 13 is an overhead plan view of an illustrative solar panel arraysuspended across a valley;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a solar panel array in accordance withanother embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a rear elevation view of the solar panel array illustrated inFIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a side view of the solar panel array of FIG. 14;

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a solar panel array in yet anotherembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a rear elevation view of the embodiment of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of yet another solar panel arrayembodiment in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 20 is a rear elevation view of the embodiment of FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is an enlarged side view of the embodiment of FIG. 19;

FIG. 22 illustrates yet another solar panel array embodiment inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a plurality of rows of solar panelarrays;

FIG. 24 is another perspective view of a plurality of rows of solarpanel arrays;

FIG. 25 is a side view of a solar panel array in yet another embodimentof the present invention; and

FIG. 26 is an enlarged perspective view of another illustrative pod usedto support a plurality of solar panels in the present invention

FIG. 27 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the presentinvention showing three rows of panel receivers/pods with both convexand concave curvatures when viewed from above;

FIG. 28 is an elevation view of the embodiment of FIG. 27;

FIG. 29 is an overhead plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 27;

FIG. 30 is a bottom plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 27;

FIG. 31 is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 27;

FIG. 32 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of the embodiment ofFIG. 27 illustrating details of the pod constructions, cableconnections, and the manner in which the solar panels are mounted to thecurved struts of the panel receiver/pod rows;

FIG. 32A is a greatly enlarged section of FIG. 32 illustrating theintersection of four panel receivers/pods and showing the gaps betweeneach pod and the cable arrangement providing support;

FIG. 33 is another enlarged fragmentary perspective view of theembodiment of FIG. 27, but illustrating an alternative construction forthe curved struts that extend continuously across the rows of pods;

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the presentinvention showing three rows of panel receivers/pods with convexcurvatures when viewed from above;

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the presentinvention showing three rows of panel receivers/pods with concavecurvatures when viewed from above;

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the presentinvention showing a plurality of three row configurations joined to forman array with three primary spans;

FIG. 37 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the presentinvention showing a plurality of three row configurations joined to forman array with three primary spans;

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the presentinvention showing a plurality of three row configurations joined to forman array with three primary spans and a plurality of openings formed inthe array by removing selected panel receivers/pods;

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the presentinvention showing three groups of three row pod configurations spacedapart from one another;

FIG. 40 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the presentinvention showing a plurality of three row configurations joined to forman array with three primary spans and incorporating different columns;

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the presentinvention showing a plurality of three row configurations joined to forman array with three primary spans similar to the embodiment in FIG. 41,but incorporating exterior columns extending at an angle.

FIG. 42 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment especiallyadapted for installation over an aqueduct.

FIG. 43 is a plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 42;

FIG. 44 is an elevation view taken along line 44-44 of FIG. 42;

FIG. 45 is another elevation view taken along line 45-45 of FIG. 4;

FIG. 46 is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 42 illustratingthe solar panels and receivers removed to better illustrate thearrangement of the cables;

FIG. 47 is another perspective view as shown in FIG. 46, but furtherillustrating the protective membrane that is mounted to the lowersupport cables;

FIG. 48 is another perspective view of yet another embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 49 is a plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 48;

FIG. 50 is a perspective view of another pod or receiver construction inaccordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 51 is a perspective view of the receiver of FIG. 50 with the solarpanels mounted thereon;

FIG. 52 is a reverse perspective view of the receiver/pod and solarpanels of the embodiment of FIGS. 50 and 51;

FIG. 53 is an elevation view taken along line 53-53 of FIG. 51;

FIG. 54 is another elevation view taken along line 54-54 of FIG. 51;

FIG. 55 is a plan view of yet another pod or receiver construction inaccordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 56 is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 55 illustratingthe pod/receiver construction;

FIG. 57 is a perspective view of an array incorporating the triangularshaped pod/receivers shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 55 and 56;

FIG. 58 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 59 is a side elevation view taken along line 59-59 of FIG. 58illustrating further details of this embodiment;

FIG. 60 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the presentinvention incorporating a pair of airfoils at each end of the array;

FIG. 60A is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of one of theairfoils and specifically illustrating an example pod/receiverconstruction;

FIG. 61 is a side elevation view of one of the arrays of the presentinvention and specifically showing pressure patterns that are exertedupon the array based upon air flow traveling over and through the array;

FIG. 62 is another elevation view of the array illustrated in FIG. 61but further incorporating airfoils that change the resulting airflowpattern as air contacts the array;

FIG. 63 is a perspective view of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 14but further incorporating flexible sealing brackets between thereceivers; and

FIG. 64 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view taken along line64-64 of FIG. 63 illustrating details of a sealing bracket.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description should be read with reference to thedrawings. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depictillustrative embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a solar panel array supported inaccordance with an illustrative embodiment. A solar panel array 10 isillustrated as including a number of solar panel receivers 12. Pairs ofshort columns 14 a, 14 b and tall columns 16 a, 16 b are aligned withone another. The pairs of columns 14 a, 16 a and 14 b, 16 b may also beconnected by a stability cable 18 that runs along the edges of the array10. The solar panel receivers 12 are held above a surface 20 at a height22 defined by the columns 14 a, 14 b, 16 a, 16 b. A first cable 24 issuspended between the short columns 14 a, 14 b, and a second cable 26 issuspended between the tall columns 16 a, 16 b. The solar panel receivers12 are designed to be supported by the cables 24, 26, so that theoverall design is a lightweight, flexible and strong solar panel array10 that leaves plenty of usable, sheltered space below. Anchor lines 28and anchors 30 may be used to provide further support and to enable theuse of lightweight columns 14 a, 14 b, 16 a, 16 b. Anchor lines 28 maybe cables or steel rods.

The surface 20 may be, for example, a generally flat area of ground, apicnic area in a park, a parking lot, or a playground. The height 22 maybe chosen to allow for a desired activity to occur beneath the array 10.For example, if a parking lot is beneath the array 10, the height 22 maybe sufficient to allow typical cars and light trucks to be parkedunderneath the array 10, or the height may be higher to allow commercialtrucks to be parked beneath the array 10. If a playground is beneath thearray 10, the array 10 may have a height 22 chosen to allow installationof desired playground equipment.

Any suitable material and/or structure may be used for the columns 14 a,14 b, 16 a, and 16 b including, for example, concrete, metal, a simplepole, or a more complicated trussed column. In some embodiments afooting may be placed beneath the base of each of the columns 14 a, 14b, 16 a, and 16 b to provide stability on relatively soft ground. Thecables 18, 24, and 26 and anchor lines 28 may be made of any materialand design include, for example, metals, composites, and/or polymericfibers. In one embodiment the primary material used in the columns 14 a,14 b, 16 a, and 16 b, the cables 24 and 26 and the anchor lines 28 aresteel. Because the primary support technology for the array 10 arecables 24 and 26 under tension, the design is both visually andliterally lightweight.

While FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment wherein the columns 14 a, 14 b,16 a, and 16 b are either “short” or “tall”, in other embodiments allthe columns may be the same height. No particular angle of elevation isrequired by the present invention; however, it is contemplated that,depending upon the latitude, time of year, and perhaps other factors,certain angles may be more effective in capturing incident sunlight.

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section view of a solar panel array supportedin accordance with an illustrative embodiment. The array 10 illustratesthe relative spacing of the rows of the array 10, and helps show how thestability cable 18 connects the columns 14 and 16 of the array 10. Thestability cable 18 may be coupled to an anchor member as well, thoughthis is not shown in FIG. 2. It can be seen that the relative heights ofthe columns 14 and 16 help to define the angle the solar panel receivers12 have with respect to the incident sunlight. In some embodiments, thecolumns 14 and 16 or the solar panel receivers 12 may include amechanism allowing for adjustment of the angle of the solar panelreceivers 12. To do so, for example, the length of the columns 14, 16may be adjusted, or the solar panel receivers 12 may include a mechanismfor changing the angle of individual panels or entire receivers 12. Forexample, as the season changes, the height of the sun in the sky mayvary sufficiently to affect the efficiency of the solar panel receivers12, and so it may be desirable to vary the angle of the receivers 12.Also, as the sun moves throughout the day it may be desirable to changethe angle of the receivers 12 to improve light reception.

FIG. 3 is a horizontal section view of a solar panel array supported inaccordance with an illustrative embodiment. As illustrated, the array 10is supported by short columns 14 a and 14 b, tall columns 16 a and 16 b,and cables 24 and 26. Anchor lines 28 and anchors 30 are provided toimprove stability and allow the use of lightweight columns 14 a, 14 b,16 a, and 16 b. The solar panel receivers 12 are illustrated as pairs ofindividual units 32 having gaps 34 between each unit 32. The gaps 34allow for air movement, reducing the amount of wind resistance of thearray 10. The gaps 34 also allow for relative movement of the units 32since the cables 24 and 26 are somewhat flexible.

FIG. 4 is a perspective rear view of an illustrative solar panel array.It can be seen that the stability cables 18 are coupled in variousconfigurations along the length of the array 10, linking the shortcolumns 14 and tall columns 16 to create a linked structure. The array10 also includes various anchor cables 28 and anchor points 30,including at the end of the array 10 that may help anchor the stabilitycables 18.

FIG. 5 is a perspective side view of an illustrative solar panel array10 that is similar to that shown in FIGS. 1-4. It can be appreciatedfrom the several views of FIGS. 1-5 that the illustrative array 10provides a readily usable shelter that is amenable to a variety ofactivities.

FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a pod that may be used as a solar panelreceiver. The “pods” illustrated herein are intended to provide anexample of a solar panel receiver that may be used with the presentinvention. The solar panel receiver may, of course, have a variety ofother structures to perform its function of holding one or more solarpanels while being adapted to couple to support cables as illustratedherein.

FIG. 6 is a rear perspective view of an illustrative pod showing the useof several struts and cords to create a rigid member. The pod 40 isshown with several solar panels 42 which may be, for example,photovoltaic panels. A maintenance walkway 44 is included as an optionalfeature of the pod 40. Several curved struts 46 extend vertically alongthe back of the pod 40, with several horizontal struts 48 coupled bymoment connections to the curved struts 46. By using moment connections,the overall structure becomes a rigid yet lightweight frame forreceiving the solar panels 42. A center strut 50 extends out of the backof the pod 40, and is connected to a truss cable 52 which providesanother lightweight yet highly supportive aspect of the structure. Thecenter strut 50 and truss cable 52 allow a lightweight curved strut 46to be used, lending support to the center of the curved strut 46.

In another embodiment, rather than creating electricity withphotovoltaic panels, the present invention may also be used to supportsolar panels that collect solar thermal energy. The solar thermalcollectors could be mounted on the solar panel receivers illustratedherein, and thermal energy could be collected by the use of a heattransfer medium pumped through flexible tubing. In one such embodiment,glycol may be used as a mobile heat transfer medium, though any suitablematerial may be used.

FIG. 7 is a section view of an illustrative pod including severaloptional features. The pod 40 is shown with solar panels 42 in place.The optional maintenance walkway 44 is again shown on the lower portionof the curved member 46. The center strut 50 and truss cable 52 againprovide support to the curved member 46. The pod 40 may include, forexample, a mister 54 that can be used to provide evaporative cooling tothe sheltered area beneath a solar array using the pod 40. The pod 40may also include a light 56 or security camera, for example. In oneembodiment, a solar array may be used to provide a parking shelter, withthe solar array storing electricity during the day using, for example,fuel cells or batteries, and then discharging the stored electricity bylighting the shelter during the evening.

Two cable receivers 58 and 60 are also illustrated. While shown in theform of a simple opening that a cable may pass through, the cablereceivers 58 and 60 may take on a number of other forms. For example,the cable receivers 58 and 60 may include a mechanism for releasablylocking onto a cable. It can be appreciated from FIGS. 6 and 7 that theillustrative pod 40 is designed so that rain is readily directed off ofthe solar panels, as the water will run down the curve of the pod 40. Inother embodiments, the pod 40 may be more or less flat, rather thanhaving the curvature shown, or may have a different curvature than thatshown.

FIG. 8 is a perspective front view of several solar panel receiverslinked together. A first solar panel receiver 70, a second solar panelreceiver 72, and a third solar panel receiver 74 are supported by anupper support cable 76 and a lower support cable 78. An optionalmaintenance walkway 80 is illustrated as well. Also included is aflexible electric cable 82 that allows for transmission of electricalpower from each of the solar panel receivers 70, 72 and 74 when solarenergy is captured. The flexible electric cable 82 may also serve todistribute power to devices such as security cameras or lighting thatmay be provided beneath the solar panel receivers 70, 72 and 74.

FIG. 9 is a front elevation view of several solar panel receivers linkedtogether. Again, the solar panel receivers 70, 72 and 74 are shownsupported by an upper support cable 76 and a lower support cable 78, andinclude an optional maintenance walkway 80. Two flexible electric cables82 a and 82 b are illustrated in FIG. 9, and may serve the same purposesas that noted above with respect to FIG. 8. It is clearly shown in FIG.9 that there is a gap 84 between the solar panel receivers 70, 72 and74. The gap 84 allows the solar panel receivers 70, 72 and 74 to moveindependently, rendering the overall array less rigid and more likely towithstand high winds. The gap 84 also prevents neighboring solar panelreceivers (i.e. 70 and 72 or 72 and 74) from damaging one another inwindy conditions.

Depending on the desired output of the array, the flexible electriccables 82 a and 82 b may be coupled to a substation for gatheringproduced power and providing an output. For example, the electricitygathered is inherently direct current power; an array as illustratedherein may be easily used to charge batteries or fuel cells. The powermay also be used with an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen and oxygen,with the hydrogen available for use as a fuel.

FIG. 10 is a perspective front and side view of an illustrative solarpanel array including a center support member. The illustrative array100 includes a number of alternating short columns 102 and tall columns104, with support cables 106 and 108 suspended from the columns 102 and104. Anchor lines 110 and anchors 112 provide additional support, andthe array 100 supports a number of solar panel receivers 114. Thefurther addition in FIG. 10 is the inclusion of a center support 116,which allows for a longer span to be covered between the columns 102 and104, reducing the need to place additional anchors 112. Further, becausethe center support 116 does not have to provide stability againstlateral movement, and only needs to provide vertical support, the centersupport 116 may be of an even lighter weight construction than the outercolumns 102 and 104.

FIG. 11 is a section view showing an illustrative solar panel arrayincluding a center support member. Again, the array 100 is supported bythe use of a short column 102, a tall column 104, a lower support cable106 and an upper support cable 108. The array 100 is stabilized in partby the use of anchor lines 110 and anchors 112, and a number of solarpanel receivers 114 are supported. The center column 116 provides acentral support, but is not required to add to the lateral stability ofthe array 100, because there are portions of the array pulling equallyon both sides of the center column 116.

FIG. 12 is a front elevation view of an illustrative solar panel arraysuspended across a valley. An array 120 is suspended across a valley 122by the use of four anchors 124 that enable two support cables 126 and128 to be suspended across the valley 122. A number of solar panelreceivers 130 are supported by the support cables 126 and 128. Bysuspending the array 120 across the valley 122, a desired height 132above the valley floor can be achieved by the array. The height 132 maybe sufficient to allow wildlife to pass below.

A number of potential environmental benefits from this type of structurecan be identified, including that the structure provides a quiet andsafe energy production array, the structure provides shade and/orshelter, and the structure can be installed without requiring a largeamount of heavy machinery. The use of an array over eroding ground mayencourage foliage growth in highly exposed locations and thus slowerosion.

FIG. 13 is an overhead plan view of an illustrative solar panel arraysuspended across a valley. It can be seen that the array 120 is designedto match the shape of the valley 122. In particular, the array 120includes a number of individual lines of solar panel receivers 130. Byvarying the number of solar panel receivers 130 suspended by each pairof support cables, a relatively short line 134 can match a relativelynarrow place in the valley 122, while longer lines 136 and 138 span awider portion of the valley 122.

FIGS. 14-16 illustrate yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention, in the form of a solar panel array 200 comprising a pluralityof receivers or pods 214 supported by another arrangement of cables andcolumns. More specifically, FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate a plurality ofspaced pods 214 each containing a number of solar panels 216, a firstcable 206 supporting one end of the pods, and a second cable 208supporting an opposite end of the pods. First cable 206 is strungbetween short columns 204, while second cable 208 is strung between tallcolumns 202. A pair of complementary support cables is also provided tofurther support the pods 214, namely, a front complementary supportcable 210 and a rear complementary support cable 211. Cables 210 and 211are particularly useful in resisting upward forces generated by windloads. A number of vertically oriented connecting cables 212interconnect the complementary support cables 210 and 211 to theircorresponding first and second cables 206 and 208. The embodiment ofFIGS. 14-16 also includes cross-supports 220 that extend between thecolumns 202 and 204. Members 202, 204, and 220 may be metallic and madeof material such as steel or aluminum; and these members may beconfigured as I-beams, channels, tubular members, and others. The gaps222 provided between the pods 214 allow wind to pass between the podsand therefore prevent damage to the system during high wind conditions.Anchor lines 224 extend from each of the columns to respective anchors218. It shall be understood that additional anchor lines 224 can beadded to provide the necessary support to the columns. FIG. 15 is a rearelevation of the embodiment of FIG. 14, better illustrating thecomplementary support cables 210 and 211.

The side view of FIG. 16 also illustrates that the anchor lines 224 maybe placed in-line with the columns to minimize the side profile of thesystem. FIGS. 14-16 also show a number of other geometrical featuresdefining the construction and overall appearance of the system. Forexample, the complementary support cables 210 and 211 are coplanar withtheir corresponding first/second cables 206 and 208. The panel receiversor pods 214 have a first end residing at a first height, and a secondend residing at a second lower height. The panel receivers or pods 214are substantially rectangular shaped and evenly spaced from one anotheralong the first and second cables 206 and 208. The first cable 206defines a first curvature, the second cable 208 defines a secondcurvature extending substantially parallel to the first curvature. Thecomplementary support cables 210 and 211 have a generally oppositecurvature as compared to the first and second cables 206 and 208, andthe complementary support cables 210 and 211 also extend substantiallyparallel to one another. The gaps 222 between each panel 216 may besubstantially triangular shaped such that the portions of the gapslocated adjacent to the second cable 208 are smaller than the portionsof the gaps located adjacent to the first cable 206. As also shown inFIGS. 15 and 16, the columns 202 and 204 extend at an angle from themounting surface such that the upper ends of the columns 202 and 204 arefurther apart from one another as compared to the lower ends of thecolumns 202 and 204. Angling the columns towards the outside of thestructure in this manner increases the structure's efficiency to resisthorizontal forces such as wind or seismic loads; and thus enables areduction in the required size of the anchor lines 224 and anchors 218.

Depending upon the location where the solar panel array is to beinstalled, it may be necessary to adjust the location of the columns inorder to take advantage of available ground space and to maximize thearea to be covered by the solar panel array. For example, if the solarpanel array is used to cover a parking lot, it may be necessary toadjust the location of the columns based upon available space in theparking lot, in order to maximize the overall area covered by the solarpanels by the non-vertical columns. Thus, in the embodiment of FIGS.14-16, non-vertical columns allow the group of pods to extend over agreater overall area as opposed to use of vertical columns anchored atthe same column locations. Additionally, there may also be someaesthetic benefits achieved in arranging the columns in variouscombinations of both vertical and angular extensions from the mountingsurface.

FIG. 17 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention. Inthis embodiment, an intermediate support 230 is provided that extendsvertically from the ground, while the outside or exterior columns extendat an angle, like those illustrated in FIG. 15. In this embodiment, thereceivers or pods 214 can also be defined as corresponding to a firstgroup 226 and a second group 228. In the first group 226, the pods 214extend between one of the exterior column pairs and the intermediatesupport 230, while the second group 228 of pods extends between theopposite exterior column pair and the intermediate support 230. FIG. 18is a rear elevation view of the embodiment of FIG. 17, furtherdisclosing particular details of this embodiment to include thecomplementary support cables 210 and 211.

FIG. 19 illustrates yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention. In this embodiment, in lieu of single columns that aresecured to the mounting surface, the columns 240 and 242 are arranged ina V-shaped configuration. The lower ends of the columns 240 and 242 areanchored at the same location while the upper ends of the columns 240and 242 diverge from one another. As with each of the previousembodiments, the V-configured columns 240 and 242 may be made of tubularmembers or other types of metallic members. As also shown, the anchorlines 224 for each pair of the V-configured columns may be oriented sothat there is a single anchor point 218 from which the anchor linesextend. The V-shaped columns minimize the number of anchors 218 requiredfor the array structure.

Referring to FIG. 20, a rear elevation view is provided of theembodiment of FIG. 19. This Figure also shows the manner in which thevarious anchor lines 224 for each column pair terminate at a commonanchor point 218. FIG. 21 illustrates the manner in which the anchorlines 224 may extend in a V-shaped configuration to match the columns240 and 242 and thus minimize the side profile of the system.Additionally, in this embodiment a stabilizing cable 244 may be providedthat extends between the upper ends of the column pairs.

FIG. 22 illustrates yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention, wherein the V-shaped column supports 240 and 242 are utilizedin an extended row of pods 214. More specifically, a pair of outside orend columns 246 are provided along with a pair of intermediate columns248. Based upon the required length of the solar panel array, thenecessary combination of intermediate column supports can be providedfor adequate structural support.

Referring to FIG. 23, yet another embodiment of the present invention isillustrated comprising a plurality of rows 250 of solar panel arrays andwherein the column supports 202 and 204 extend substantially verticallyfrom the mounting surface. In this embodiment, it is noted that theanchor lines 224 for each column pair extend to a common anchor point218. The rows 250 may be selectively spaced from one another to providethe optimal area coverage for the solar panel arrays, as well as optimalshade in the event the arrays are used to cover a structure such as aparking lot. Thus, it shall be understood that the rows 250 may beeither spaced more closely to one another, or farther apart dependingupon the particular purpose of installation.

FIG. 24 illustrates yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention, showing a plurality of rows 252 of solar panel arrays whereinthe V-column configuration is used with column supports 240 and 242. Aswith the embodiment shown in FIG. 23, the rows 252 may be either spacedmore closely to one another, or farther apart depending upon theparticular purpose of installation. FIG. 24 also illustrates someadditional anchor lines 225 that are used to further stabilize the rows252 of solar panel arrays. These anchor lines 225 are particularlyadvantageous in handling laterally directed forces, such as wind.

With each of the embodiments of the present invention, it shall beunderstood that the particular height at which the solar panels arelocated can be selectively adjusted for the particular purpose ofinstallation.

FIG. 25 illustrates yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention, wherein each of the solar panels 216 may be rotatably mountedto their corresponding supporting pod or receiver. As shown, theembodiment of FIG. 25 incorporates curved struts 260 and pivot mounts262 that enable each of the solar panels 216 to be disposed at a desiredangle with respect to the sun. The pivot mounts 262 can take a number offorms. For example, a pivot mount 262 could include a continuous membersuch as a steel rod or square tubular member that extends horizontallyacross the corresponding receiver or pod and which is secured to anoverlying solar panel 216. The rod is then rotatably mounted within thereceiver or pod such that the solar panels 216 can be grasped androtated to the desired inclination with respect to an optimalsun-capturing orientation. This configuration of mounting the solarpanels on a round or square tube provides additional strength andrigidity to the pod structures, and reduces torsional and in-planeforces exerted on the solar panels from wind loads that cause the podsto move in the wind.

FIG. 26 illustrates a receiver or pod 214 that may incorporate a groupof linear or straight struts. As shown, a plurality of first struts 270,and a plurality of second orthogonally oriented struts 272 are providedto support the solar panels 216 mounted to the pod. The receiver or podshown in FIG. 26 supports a group of ten solar panels 216 arranged in a2 by 5 matrix. A width of the pod may be defined as the distance betweenthe most outer or exterior first struts 270, and a height of the pod maybe defined as the distance between the most outer or exterior secondstruts 272. The height of the pod can be increased by extending thelength of the first struts 270 but not requiring the cables 206 and 208to be secured at the opposite ends of the pod which would require thecables 206 and 208 to be spread further apart and therefore widening theoverall size of the array. For this extended pod length, the cables 206remain attached at their normal spacing and the extended ends of thestruts 270 simply extend beyond the cables in a cantileveredarrangement. In this alternate pod construction, additional solar panelscan be added to increase the power producing capability of the arraywithout adjusting other design parameters. The spacing of the pods whenmounted to the cables depends on a number of factors to such as theweight of the pods and panels, wind conditions, snow loading conditionsand others. In one aspect of the invention, spacing the pods with gapsbetween the pods that does not exceed the widths of the pods isacceptable for some installations.

For the illustrative pod shown in FIG. 26, cable receivers 58 and 60(such as shown in FIG. 7) may be incorporated thereon to allow the podattach to the cables 206 and 208. As previously mentioned, while thecable receivers may be simply openings formed in the ends of the pods,the cable receivers may take another form such as a mechanism whichselectively locks the pod onto the cable and therefore allows a pod tobe removed for maintenance or replacement. Accordingly, it shall beunderstood that the pods can be removed from the cables as necessary toeither generate another different combination of pod arrangements or toselectively replace/repair defective solar panels.

FIG. 27 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention shown assolar array 300 comprising three rows, or linear extending groups ofpanel receivers/pods, 302, 304, and 306. Exterior rows 302 and 306 areof the same construction, and are supported at their ends bycorresponding columns 316. Thus, the columns 316 are located at thecorners of the rectangular shaped solar array. In this embodiment, thecolumns 316 are v-shaped with their lower ends received in a commonanchor/footer, and their upper ends diverging away from one another andbeing curved as shown. The cables used to support the pods 322 in thisembodiment are similar to what is illustrated in the embodiment of FIG.14; however, in the embodiment of FIG. 27, the pods 322 are oriented soas to extend more parallel with respect to the surface of the ground asexplained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 32 and 33. Row304 is suspended between rows 302 and 306, and there are no endsupporting columns that directly support row 304; rather, row 304 issupported only by the upper cables 308 extending on opposite lateralsides of row 304, and which also support the respective lateral sides ofthe adjacent rows 302 and 306. As shown in FIG. 28, complementary lowercables 310 are disposed below the upper cables 308, and have an oppositecurvature as compared to cable 308. Vertically oriented interconnectingcables 312 connect cables 308 and cables 310. A cross-support cable orbar 314 (shown in FIG. 32) is provided between the upper diverging endsof the column members 316. A plurality of anchor cables 318interconnects the columns 316 and anchor points 320 as also shown inFIG. 28.

As also shown in FIG. 27, the pods 322 in row 302 and the pods 322 inrow 306 have a convex curvature when viewing the array from above, whilerow 304 has a concave curvature when viewed from above. This compoundcurvature arrangement of rows 302, 304, and 306 provides a wave-likeappearance, and may offer certain benefits such as limiting wind andsnow loading conditions, as well as providing greater options in termsof how the array may be oriented to best capture direct sunlight.

Referring to FIG. 29, it is shown that the rows 302, 304, and 306 extendstraight or linearly, and parallel to one another. The embodiment ofFIG. 27 provides an array of pods in a 3×11 configuration; however, itshall be understood that the length of the array may be modified to bestfit the particular installation needs and therefore the rows of pods mayincorporate less or more pods as needed. If the length of the pod is tobe increased, then interior columns may be provided between spans asexplained below with reference to embodiments such as shown in FIGS.36-41.

The bottom plan view of FIG. 30 further illustrates the particulararrangement of cables to include how complementary lower cables 310 aresecured to the respective column members 316, and then extend in an arcor curve along the length of the respective rows. FIG. 31 furtherillustrates the convex and concave compound curvatures of the array whenviewed from a side view of the array.

Referring to FIG. 32, this enlarged fragmentary perspective viewillustrates the manner in which the solar panels 334 may be mounted tothe panel receivers/pods. The solar panels 334 are mounted to thecollection of curved struts 330 and perpendicularly oriented andstraight/linear struts 332. Specifically, each pod 322 is shown ashaving a group of three curved struts 330, and three straight struts332; however depending upon loading conditions, enough structuralsupport may be provided by the use of two curved struts 330 and twostraight struts 332. The spacing of such a 2×2 strut arrangement can bedesigned to provide maximum support to the overlying solar panels. Forexample, it may be desirable to space the 2×2 arrangement of struts sothat there is some overhang of the solar panels beyond the outside edgesof the struts. For rows 302 and 306, the curved struts are placed in anorientation such that the ends curve downward and the middle portion orarea of the curved struts extend above the ends. For row 304, the curvedstruts are reversed so that the ends curve upward and the middle area ofthe struts are disposed below the ends. The curvature of struts 330 inrows 302 and 306 provides the overhead convex appearance, while thecurvature of struts 330 in row 304 provides the overhead concaveappearance.

Referring to FIG. 32A, a greatly enlarged plan view of a section of FIG.32 is shown. This view shows the intersection of four panelreceivers/pods wherein a longitudinal gap 309 separates the pods betweenrows, and a transverse gap 313 separates the transverse group of threepods across the width of the array. The upper cable 308 bisects thelongitudinal gap 309 between the facing struts 332. Interconnectingmembers 311 span the gap 309 and interconnect the facing ends of struts332. Interconnecting members 311 may be, for example small sections ofcable, or could be more rigid members such as rods or plates. In theevent more rigid members such as rods or plates are used, a momentconnection can be incorporated where the members 311 attach to therespective ends of the struts 332. It is also contemplated that in orderto increase array rigidity or stability, additional members 311 may beplaced to span the gaps 313 and therefore interconnect the facing curvedstruts 330.

Now referring to FIG. 33, a different arrangement of struts isillustrated wherein curved struts 330 are continuous across the entirewidth or transverse section of the array. In this embodiment, the arrayis more rigid since there is no gap or separation 309 between row 304and the exterior rows 302 and 306. The array still maintains the samewave-like shape, but has greater rigidity in the transverse or lateraldirection. Thus, this strut arrangement can increase the structure'sresistance to horizontal loading from wind or seismic events especiallywhen cables 308 are sized to handle such anticipated loads.

Referring now to FIG. 34, another embodiment of a solar array 300 isillustrated wherein the intermediate or interior row 304 has a convexconfiguration as opposed to the concave configuration illustrated inFIG. 27. Therefore, the curved struts 330 for row 304 are oriented inthe same manner as the curved struts used in rows 302 and 306 so thatthe opposite ends of the struts curve downward. This particulararrangement of the pods may also provide benefits with respect tomanaging wind or snow loading conditions, maximizing direct sunlightexposure, as well as to provide a different aesthetic appearance.Additionally, more complete water drainage is achieved by providing theconvex shaped upper surface and therefore this pod arrangement isespecially suited for those climates that may experience heavyprecipitation.

Referring to FIG. 35, yet another configuration of an array 300 isprovided wherein each of the rows 302, 304 and 306 have a concaveconfiguration, like the configuration of row 304 in FIG. 27. Thus, thestruts 330 are each oriented so that the opposite ends curve upward.This embodiment too may offer some benefits with respect to loading,maximizing sunlight capture, and a different aesthetic appearance.

Referring to FIG. 36, another embodiment of the present invention isshown in a larger solar array system 340 comprising three primary spans342, 344, and 346. The spans are defined as running transversely inrelation to the rows of pods. This embodiment includes a plurality ofsets of the three-row configuration of FIG. 27 as well asinterconnecting rows 304 between the sets. Accordingly, FIG. 36 showsthe rows of pods 302, 304, and 306 connected to one another in series.FIG. 36 also illustrates gaps 347 between the spans 342, 344, and 346that accommodate mounting of intermediate columns 316. The embodiment ofFIG. 36 is ideal for those installations when it is desired to maximizecoverage of solar panels in a defined space, for example, to maximizeelectricity production and/or to provide a shaded area under the solarpanels.

FIG. 37 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present inventionshowing an array 350 comprising three transversely oriented spans 352,354, and 356. This embodiment also incorporates the sets of three rowconfigurations of pods 302, 304, and 306 arranged in series to oneanother and including an interconnecting row 304 between each three-rowgrouping. The columns 316 are shown as v-shaped members and withoutcurvature as compared to the columns 316 of FIG. 36. Gaps 357 areprovided to allow mounting of the intermediate columns 316. FIG. 37 alsorepresents that the pods incorporate continuous struts in the lateral ortransverse direction thus eliminating gaps 309 if viewing FIG. 32A, butmaintaining gaps 313.

FIG. 38 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present inventionillustrating an array 360 similar to the array 350 of FIG. 37, but thearray of FIG. 38 further incorporates a plurality of gaps or open spaces368 that are formed by removing selected pods from a selected row/span.Gaps 367 enable mounting of the intermediate columns 316. Three spans362, 364 and 366 are shown in this embodiment. The removal of the podsin this manner may be useful for achieving one of many purposes, such asto modify wind/snow-loading conditions, to provide additional sunlightunder the array, or to provide a desired visual impression. Theincreased amount of sunlight under the array will also facilitate betterplant growth that may be desirable in some installations wherelandscaping under the array incorporates selected vegetation.

Referring to FIG. 39, yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention is illustrated showing three spaced arrays 370, and each array370 having three primary spans 372, 374, and 376, as well as the threerow configuration of rows 302, 304, and 306. In the embodiment of FIG.39, instead of providing an interconnecting row 304 of pods, there iscomplete separation among the arrays 370. Gaps 377 provide mountingspace for the intermediate columns 316. This embodiment may be used inan installation where it may be necessary to provide gaps between thearrays due to the presence of interfering structures or naturalobstacles, such as trees, lighting poles, etc. Safety requirements mayalso be accommodated by the gaps so that emergency vehicles with largeheights are able to more easily access the areas between and under thearrays. Alternatively, it may be desirable for the installation to havea greater amount of sunlight between pod groups that is achieved by thespaced arrays.

FIG. 40 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present inventionshown as array 380 comprising three primary spans 382, 384, and 386.This embodiment also incorporates the three-row configuration of rows302, 304, and 306 and the interconnecting rows 304 between eachthree-row grouping. Gap 387 provides mounting space for the intermediatecolumns 388. In this embodiment, the columns 388 are pairs of spacedvertical members, with an interconnecting and horizontally orientedcross support 389.

FIG. 41 illustrates yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention, showing an array 390 comprising three primary spans 392, 394,and 396, as well as the repeating arrangement of the three rowconfiguration of rows 302, 304, and 306 and the interconnecting rows 304between each three row grouping. Cross-support cables or bars 399 areprovided between the upper ends of the columns. In this embodiment, themost outward or end group of columns 400 extends at an angle from theground, while the interior columns 398 extend substantiallyperpendicular from the ground. Gaps 397 provide mounting space for theinterior column 398.

The embodiments of FIGS. 27-41, are particularly suited as ground mountsolar arrays, meaning that the height of the columns extends a shorterdistance above the ground, such as eight to fifteen feet. The primarypurpose of the ground mount solar arrays is to produce electricity.These ground mounts can be located in an area that may not be suitablefor other construction purposes or may be used to fill in unusable spacewithin a commercial or industrial area to produce power. Because of thelower height at which the solar panels are mounted, there is less of asafety concern as compared to overhead mounted solar panels.Accordingly, in the design of the ground mount fewer supportingmaterials are required, resulting in significant cost savings. Forexample, row 304 is suspended between rows 302 and 306 thus eliminatingthe need for additional column supports for that particular row of pods.

For the embodiments of FIGS. 27-41 as mentioned, the cable arrangementis similar to what is disclosed with respect to the embodiment of FIG.14. Cables 308 extend substantially parallel to one another and havesubstantially the same curvature. Cables 310 are disposed below cables308 and also extend substantially parallel to one another. Cables 310have generally opposite curvatures as compared to cables 308. Cables 312extend substantially perpendicular between cables 308 and 310. The gaps309 between adjacent rows of pods, as well as the gaps 313 betweenadjacent pods in a row can be modified to best match the particularpurpose of installation, as well as to provide the necessary support andairflow through the gaps in order to best handle wind and snow loadingconditions.

FIG. 42 illustrates another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention in a solar panel array 400 that is especially designed to beinstalled over a linear extending ground feature, such as a road oraqueduct. In the southwest region of the United States, aqueducts areused to transport large quantities of water from reservoirs tomunicipalities. The aqueducts are typically concrete-lined waterwaysthat carry water within a bed 404 of the aqueduct. The sides of theaqueduct are defined by banks 406 that extend above the liquid level 424of the waterway. In the case of array 400, it is designed to span thewidth of the aqueduct wherein the end of columns 420 are positionedoutside or exterior of the sloping banks 406. The array 400 provides aneffective way in which to shade the aqueduct, thereby reducingevaporation that naturally occurs in the aqueduct. Preferably, the arrayis mounted closely over the aqueduct in order to also disrupt or blockwind which would normally freely flow over the aqueduct, thus, the solarpanel also acts as a wind break to further prevent evaporation. Becauseof the remote location of many portions of various aqueducts, the solararrays can be easily installed over the aqueducts without concern forinterfering with other manmade structures.

FIG. 42 also illustrates an optional power substation 450 that is placednear the array 400, in which power is downloaded from the array 400through power transfer line 452. Particularly in remote locations, oneor more power stations 450 may be required in order to most efficientlystore energy produced by the array 400, or to transmit the power toanother substation.

Referring also to FIGS. 43 and 44, the array 400 comprises a pluralityof upper support cables 408 that are secured to upper ends of therespective end columns 420. A complementary lower support cable 410spans between lower ends of the respective end columns 420. A pluralityof anchor cables 414 provide additional support for the end columns 420.The anchors in FIGS. 42 and 43 have been omitted for clarity. As withthe previous embodiments, a plurality of interconnecting cables 412connect the respective upper and lower support cables 408 and 410. Oneach longitudinal end of the array 400, a catenary cable 416 spans theaqueduct, and has a center portion connected at the longitudinal center419 of the array. At this longitudinal center 419, the upper cable 408,lower cable 410, and catenary cable 416 intersect. A plurality ofinterconnecting catenary cables 418 extend longitudinally andinterconnect the catenary cable 416 to the upper support cable 408. Thearray 400 comprises a plurality of pods/receivers 430 each containing anumber of solar panels. The pods 430 can be selectively spaced from oneanother thus forming gaps 422. The columns 420 are placed exteriorly ofthe banks 406 so that the array 408 effectively covers the entire widthof the aqueduct.

In order to provide maintenance for the array, a walkway 431 may beincorporated on various portions of the array so a person can walk tolocations on the array to replace damaged solar panels or othercomponents of the system. The walkway would replace one row of solarpanels in each adjacent pod. The walkway could be made of a lightweightdecking material and can also include handrails (not shown). In thisfigure, only one walkway is shown that extends transversely across theaqueduct; however additional walkways can be provided to allow directaccess to other areas of the array in both transverse and longitudinaldirections.

FIG. 45 is a longitudinal elevation view taken along line 45-45 furtherillustrating details of the construction. FIG. 45 also illustrates theway in which the catenary cables 416 and the interconnecting cables 418extend from the opposite longitudinal ends of the array. The catenarycables 416 are anchored at respective anchor points 417, that are alsoplaced preferably in longitudinal alignment with the columns 420.

FIG. 46 illustrates the array 400 with the pods removed to better showthe arrangement of cables to include the upper cables 408, lower cables410, catenary cables 416, anchor cables 414, and various interconnectingcables.

Referring to FIG. 47, another feature of this embodiment is to provide amembrane or cover that is suspended from the lower cables 410 so thatthe membrane can provide additional protection to the waterway toprevent evaporation. As shown in FIG. 47, the membrane 440 extends alongthe entire length and width of the array in order to provide cover forthe aqueduct. Because of the curved arrangement of the lower cables 410,the lateral side edges 441 of the membrane 440 extend close tocontacting the ground near the columns 420. Thus, the membraneeffectively isolates the aqueduct from airflow in a lateral directionwhich also contributes in preventing evaporation.

For purposes of covering an aqueduct, the array 400 may extend for manymiles and the repeating nature of panel receiver rows easilyaccommodates an extended length. Because of the vast amount of openspace available for installing the array over many remote aqueducts, thearray 400 can produce a tremendous amount of power, providing aneffective way to prevent evaporation loss for water carried in theaqueduct.

Referring now to FIG. 48, another embodiment of the present invention isillustrated in the form of an array 460 comprising three spans 462, 464,and 466. Like reference numbers used in this embodiment correspond tothe same structural elements disclosed in the prior embodiment. Thesethree spans are supported in the middle of the array by the two pairs ofinterior column groups 458. This embodiment also includes the catenarycable arrangement 416 on both longitudinal sides of the array to provideadditional array support.

FIG. 49 is a top plan view of the embodiment of FIG. 48 that illustratesthe manner in which the anchor cables 414 and catenary cables 416surround the array to provide support on all sides of the array.

FIG. 50 illustrates another pod or receiver construction of the presentinvention. This pod construction is characterized by two main supportbeams 470 that are spaced from one another, and opposite ends of themain beams are secured to cables 408 by cable clamps 476. A plurality ofintermediate struts 472 are spaced from one another and are secured tothe pair of beams 470. The intermediate struts 472 are placedtransversely with respect to the main beams, and extend substantiallyparallel with the cables 408. A plurality of solar panel support strutsor upper struts 474 are then secured over the intermediate struts 472.The upper struts 474 extend substantially parallel with the beams 470,and extend transversely to the intermediate struts 472 and cables 408.

Referring to FIG. 51, a plurality of solar panels 430 are shown mountedto the upper struts 474. As shown, each of the solar panels 430 areseparated from one another by longitudinal gaps 475 that extendsparallel with the cables 408, and transverse gaps 479 that extendsubstantially parallel to the beams 470.

FIG. 52 illustrates the pod construction from a reverse perspectiveangle that shows in more detail the manner in which the solar panels 430are spaced and mounted to the upper struts 474 that overlie theintermediate struts 472 and beams 470.

As also shown in FIG. 52, the beams 470 each include a gusset plate 477that extends from one end of the beam. The gusset plates 477 are used tointerconnect adjacent panels in a row. Therefore, when the pods/panelreceivers are placed in series with one another, the gusset plates 477interconnect the pods. The gusset plates 477 provide additionalstructural rigidity for the pods as they are mounted to the cables 408.

Referring to FIG. 53, a side elevation view is taken along line 53-53 ofFIG. 51. From this side view, it is shown that the transverse gaps 479separate the respective pods 430 mounted upon upper struts 474. FIG. 53also shows the cable clamps 476 that comprise a pair of U boltsextending below the beams 470. The U bolts are secured to opposite sideflanges of the beams 470 and compress the cables 408 in order to providea rigid connection between the beams 470 and the cables 408.

FIG. 54 is another elevation view taken along line 54-54 of FIG. 51.From this side elevation view, it is also shown how the pods 430 areseparated from one another by longitudinal gaps 475 and the manner inwhich the pods 430 are mounted to the underlying support structure.

The pod or receiver 430 shown in FIGS. 50-54 provide an importantsolution for preventing torsional forces or torques that may otherwisedamage the solar panels. The solar panels are relatively stiff membersthat can be damaged if they are bent or twisted in an out-of-plane ornon-planar fashion. More specifically, the solar panels aresubstantially flat and the flat upper or lower surface of the panelsdefines a plane. If the solar panels are twisted or torqued in anout-of-plane fashion, the solar panels can be damaged. FIG. 50 shows thebeams 470 connected to the cables 408 that suspend the pod 430. Thecables 408 will move based upon various wind and other loadingconditions because the cables 408 have some capability to flex or bend;however, adjacent pairs of cables 408 will not always translate or movein an identical fashion, which can cause torsional forces to betransferred to the pods 430. Beams 470 that extend between the cables408 maintain a constant or rigid planar orientation when used incombination with the intermediate struts 472. Furthermore, a rigidsupport is provided for the panels which prevents out of plane forcesfrom being transmitted to the solar panels. Thus, any movementtransferred to the pod results in a uniform, non-torsional displacementof the entire pod which therefore prevents damage to the panels whenmounted to the pods.

FIGS. 55 and 56 illustrate yet another preferred pod construction inaccordance with the present invention. In this pod construction, atriangular configuration is achieved for the solar panels that aremounted to the pod 430. FIG. 55 is a bottom plan view that illustratesthis pod construction wherein a pair of diagonal beams 490 extends froman apex connection 492. The beams 490 terminate at respective baseconnections 494. One cable 408 attaches to the apex 492 and the adjacentcable 408 attaches to the base connections 494. Adjustable U bolts mayalso be used at the apex connection 492 and the base connections 494 inorder to provide a rigid connection from the cables to the beams 490. Aplurality of longitudinally extending connecting struts 496 are spacedfrom one another and are secured to the diagonal beams 490. As shown,there are preferably two struts 496 that support each of the pods 430.The triangular shape of the pod is achieved by the selected lengths ofstruts 496.

FIG. 56 is a perspective view illustrating how the pods 430 appear whenmounted with the triangular configuration.

FIG. 57 illustrates another example of an array wherein two spans 480and 482 comprise an arrangement of solar panels that are mounted to thetriangular pods 430. Like numbers in this figure also correspond to thesame structure numbers as discussed above with respect to theembodiments shown in FIG. 42. When the pods 430 are secured to thecables 408, the triangular shaped arrangement of the solar panels allowthe pods to be mounted in an overlapping configuration wherein the apexof one pod is mounted adjacent to one base side of the adjacent pod.Gaps 484 define the spaces between the solar panels mounted to adjacentpods. Gaps 486 are present at both opposite ends of the array and whichillustrates the mounting arrangement of the triangular pods. In thecenter portion of the array, there is also a larger shaped gap 488 whichagain is produced by the triangular shape of the pods as mounted to thecables 408.

FIGS. 58 and 59 illustrate yet another embodiment of the presentinvention in the form of an array 500 that is especially adapted for usein colder climates in which snow and ice are present during wintermonths. In this array 500, a plurality of rows 501 of pods are arrangedin a parallel fashion and supported by respective cables and columns.Again, the same reference numbers used in this embodiment correspond tothe same elements set forth above with respect to the prior embodiments.This particular embodiment shows that the solar pods 430 are tilted orcanted at an angle. The front portion or edge of each of the podsincludes heating sheets or panels 502 that extend continuously betweenthe pods, one heating panel being located on each lateral side of therow 501. The heating panels 502 terminate or bisect at the middle 503 ofeach of the rows 501. Each of the heating panels or sheets 502 mayincorporate a heating element 504, such as an electrical strip heaterwhich is used to warm the panels 502 in order to melt snow or iceaccumulating thereon. Referring also to FIG. 59, the incident angle ofthe sun is shown as dashed lines 512. These lines more particularlyindicate the angle of the sun during winter months in which the heatingpanels 502 would be shaded during a significant portion of the daylighthours. If solar panels were used in lieu of the heating panels 502, thenthe solar panels would continue to accumulate snow and ice during thewinter months, which would eventually cause a significant reduction inthe area of the solar panels exposed to sunlight. As mentioned, theheating panels 502 are used to melt snow or ice, which then facilitatesdrainage of liquid from the pods 430 thereby keeping the array clearfrom snow or ice during periods of sunlight. Referring specifically toFIG. 58, the directional arrows illustrate that the melted ice/snow willtravel downward to collect on panels 502. The crease or seam at themiddle 503 constitutes the low point where the water will drain into agutter 506 that is mounted to the front or facing surface of the heatingpanel 502. A drain line or downspout 508 is provided to collect thewater from the gutter 506. As shown, the downspout 508 is secured to thelower cable 410, and traverses outward to one of the columns 420 wherethe water is then allowed to drain from the array. Each of the rows 501includes the same drainage structure to drain water from each of thepods 430 in the row. Additional support may be provided between thecables 408 by cross supports 510 that interconnect the adjacent columns420. The angle at which the pods are disposed can be modified to accountfor the position of the sun in the winter months. Thus, the area of theheating panels 502 can be minimized thereby increasing the availablesurface area for producing power from the pods 430.

FIG. 60 illustrates yet another preferred embodiment of the presentinvention that adds an airfoil feature 520 which comprises a pluralityof pods that extend from one side or end of the array to the ground. Asshown in FIG. 60, there are two airfoil features, one at eachlongitudinal end of the array 460. The airfoil 520 can utilize the samepod and panel construction as used on the array 460. FIG. 60Aillustrates an alternative construction for a receiver/pod that can beused to secure the solar panels 522. As shown in FIG. 60A, a framearrangement including a plurality of vertical struts 526 and a pluralityof horizontal struts 528 are used to support the solar panels 522. Strutextensions 530 can be used to secure the pods to anchors 534 set in theground. Alternatively, in lieu of a strut extension 530 that makesdirect connection with an anchor, a rod or cable may extend coterminouswith one of the vertical struts 526 in order to secure the pods betweenthe array 460 and the ground.

Because high wind conditions could damage the array 460, the purpose ofadding airfoils 520 is to stabilize the array 460 during high windconditions by making the array more aerodynamically shaped.

Although the embodiment of FIG. 60 illustrates that an airfoil 520comprises additional solar panels, it is also contemplated that theairfoil 520 could be made of a fabric, or some other material that doesnot act as a sun collecting unit. The benefits of providing betteraerodynamics would still be achieved with such an airfoil in which alower pressure is experienced in the area under the array, while agreater pressure exists above the array in order to stabilize the arrayduring high wind conditions.

Referring to FIGS. 61 and 62, side elevation views are provided toillustrate how airflow, specifically wind, creates pressure gradients onthe array 460 with and without the use of airfoils 520. FIG. 61illustrates an array 460 without airfoils. Directional arrows show anairstream that flows over and through the array. In FIG. 61, the highpressures areas are indicated by the circular or curved lines, and theselines are labeled on a scale from 1 to 10, 1 being the lowest pressureand 10 being the highest pressure areas. As shown, the highest pressureareas form on the leading edge of the array. Pressure areas are alsoformed over the respective columns 458 and 420. These higher pressureareas over the columns 458 and 420 are generally advantageous forholding down the array during high wind conditions. That is, the higherpressures over the columns are transmitted as downward forces to thecolumns that help to hold the columns in place during high windconditions. However, the particularly high pressure area located at theleading edge of the array is problematic in that this high pressurecould cause damage to the front portion of the array, and can otherwisedegrade the stability of the array by lifting the front portion of thearray away from the ground. Furthermore, significant airflow passesthrough and underneath the array which can also cause additionalmovement and vibration of the cables and columns. Referring to FIG. 62,the airfoils 520 are added to the array, and the pressure gradients havechanged such that most of the pressure is located on top of the array,and there is very little pressure underneath the array due to theairfoils 520 directing the airflow over the top of the array. A higherpressure area is created just upstream of the airfoil 520; however,because of the angled orientation of the airfoil 520, this increases thedownward force of the wind which further stabilizes the array in highwind conditions. In fact, as the wind speed increases, the greater thedownward force that is transmitted to the array that assists tostabilize the array. FIG. 62 also shows some high pressure areas locatedover the columns 458 and 420 that also help in anchoring the array tothe ground. With respect to the airfoil located at the trailing edge ofthe array, a pressure gradient also develops, but it is smaller than thepressure gradient located at the upstream or facing side of the array.

The angle 532 that is formed between the airfoil 520 and the surfaceupon which the system is mounted can be adjusted to best provide thedesired air pressure over the system to avoid system damage during highwind conditions. This angle can be adjusted by lengthening or shorteningthe span of the airfoil 520 between the column 420 and the mountingsurface.

For winds that contact the array in the lateral or transverse directionas opposed to the longitudinal direction, as evidenced by the elevationview of FIG. 62, wind has very little effect on the array since theprofile of the array is minimized with little interfering structure withthe airflow. The symmetrical nature of how the pods in each row alignwith one another, as well as the aligned arrangement of the cables andcolumns provides this minimum aerodynamic profile for minimum windinterference. By provision of the airfoils 520, the array is better ableto withstand high wind conditions and stability is actually increased aswind speeds increase.

FIG. 63 illustrates a modification to the embodiment of FIG. 14. In FIG.63, the gap or space 222 between the pods 214 is filled with a flexiblesealing bracket 540 as shown in detail in FIG. 64. In the event it isundesirable for water to pass through the gaps between the pods 214,such as when the array is used for a protective parking structure, theflexible sealing bracket 540 spans the gap 222 and interconnects thefacing ends of adjacent solar panels 216. The bracket 540 is shown in anI beam configuration having a pair of flanges 542 interconnected by aweb 544. The ends of the solar panels 216 are frictionally engagedbetween the upper and lower flanges 542 on each side of the web 544. Thebrackets 540 can be made from flexible and elastomeric material such assynthetic rubber. Because the bracket 540 is flexible, some shifting ormovement is allowed between the facing solar panels 216 in order todampen or absorb movement of the cables which otherwise may cause atorsional force to be transmitted to the panels.

It shall be understood that the preferred embodiments of the presentinvention may incorporate any one of the pods/receiver constructions tobest fit the particular installation needs. Thus, in some installations,it may be preferable to have curved struts as opposed to straightstruts, or vice versa. The particular pod/receiver construction can alsobe selected based upon its structural rigidity and capability to mount aselected number of solar panels. The number of struts/beams used in anyof the pods/receiver constructions can be selected to minimize requiredmaterials, but satisfy the rigidity and strength requirements for theparticular installation.

Additionally, it shall be appreciated that the number of solar panelsmounted to each pod can be configured for the particular installation.Thus, the pods may contain more or less solar panels as compared to whatis illustrated in the preferred embodiments.

The flexible electric cables 82 a and 82 b may be incorporated in eachof the embodiments of the present invention in order to allow each ofthe solar panel arrays to be coupled to a substation for gathering ofproduced power. As also mentioned, the solar panel arrays may beelectrically coupled to sources of stored electric power such asbatteries or fuel cells. Other arrangements of electrical cables may beused to most effectively transfer power from the solar panels to thepower storage location or to a substation.

It will also be appreciated that due to the unique manner in which thesolar panels may be supported by the modular nature of the pods, thereis almost a limitless combination in the shape and size of an array thatcan be constructed for installation. The cables and columns can bearranged to provide the necessary support for not only very differentlysized and shaped arrays, but also arrays being either ground mounted oroverhead mounted.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention maybe manifested in a variety of forms other than the specific embodimentsdescribed and contemplated herein. Accordingly, departures in form anddetail may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of thepresent invention as described in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for supporting a solar panel array, thesystem comprising: two pairs of columns, each pair having a first columnand a second column; a first cable suspended between the first columns;a second cable suspended between the second columns; a plurality ofpanel receivers, each adapted for receiving a number of solar panels,the panel receivers being secured to each of the two cables, wherein: anairfoil having a first side mounted to one end of said array, saidairfoil having an opposite second side connected to the ground whereinsaid airfoil extends at an angle relative to the surface upon which thearray is mounted, said airfoil further having said panel receivers andsaid solar panels mounted to said panel receivers on said airfoil.
 2. Asystem, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said system includes a pair ofairfoils, one airfoil being mounted at one end of the array, and theother airfoil being mounted to an opposite end of the array.
 3. Asystem, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said airfoil includes a frameand a flexible material mounted to said frame.
 4. A system, as claimedin claim 1, wherein: said airfoil receives a higher airstream pressureon an upper surface relative to a lower surface when an airstream flowsover the airfoil.
 5. A system, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: saidairfoil transmits a downward force to said first side when an airstreamflows over the airfoil.
 6. A system, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: anupper surface of said airfoil receives a lower airstream pressure onsaid first side relative to said second side when an airstream flowsover the airfoil.
 7. A system, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: saidfirst side of said airfoil is connected to each of said first columns.8. A system, as claimed in claim 7, wherein: said airfoil transmits adownward force to each of said first columns when an airstream flowsover the airfoil.
 9. A system, as claimed in claim 8, wherein: saiddownward force increases as airstream speed increases.
 10. A system, asclaimed in claim 1, wherein: said airfoil is secured to the ground by atleast one of a strut extension, rod and third cable disposedsubstantially parallel to at least one of the first cable and the secondcable.
 11. A system, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said angle isadjustable.
 12. A method of securing a solar panel array during windconditions, said method comprising: providing: (i) two pairs of columns,each pair having a first column and a second column; (ii) a first cablesuspended between the first columns; (iii) a second cable suspendedbetween the second columns; (iv) a plurality of panel receivers, eachadapted for receiving a number of solar panels, the panel receiversbeing secured to each of the two cables: providing an airfoil having afirst side connected to a first end of said array, said airfoil furtherhaving said panel receivers and said solar panels mounted to said panelreceivers on said airfoil; receiving airflow that contacts the airfoil;and generating downward forces from said airflow against said airfoiland transmitted to the array thereby securing the array to the surfaceupon which the array is mounted.
 13. A method as claimed in claim 12,wherein said method further comprises: reducing air pressure in areasbelow said panel receivers by directing the airflow over the top of thearray and limiting airflow under and through the array.
 14. A method asclaimed in claim 12, wherein said downward forces increases as saidairflow speed increases.
 15. A method as claimed in claim 12, whereinsaid airfoil comprises a second side opposite to said first side, saidsecond side connected to the ground.
 16. A method as claimed in claim15, wherein an upper surface of said airfoil receives a lower airstreampressure on said first side relative to said second side when anairstream flows over the airfoil.
 17. A method as claimed in claim 12,wherein said airfoil extends at an angle.
 18. A method as claimed inclaim 12, wherein: said generating step further includes: transmittingthe downward forces to each of said first and second columns, therebyincreasing the stability of the array during wind conditions.
 19. Asystem for supporting a solar panel array, the system comprising: twopairs of columns, each pair having a first column and a second column; afirst cable suspended between the first columns; a second cablesuspended between the second columns; a plurality of panel receivers,each adapted for receiving a number of solar panels, the panel receiversbeing secured to each of the two cables, wherein: an airfoil having afirst side mounted to one end of said array, said airfoil having anopposite second side connected to the ground, said airfoil extends at anangle relative to the surface upon which the array is mounted, saidairfoil further having said panel receivers and said solar panelsmounted to said panel receivers on said airfoil; and wherein saidairfoil receives a higher airstream pressure on an upper surfacerelative to a lower surface when an airstream flows over the airfoil,said airfoil transmits a downward force to said first side when anairstream flows over the airfoil, an upper surface of said airfoilreceives a lower airstream pressure on said first side relative to saidsecond side when an airstream flows over the airfoil and, wherein saidfirst side of said airfoil is connected to each of said first columnsand transmits a downward force to each of said first columns when anairstream flows over the airfoil.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein:said angle is adjustable, and said airfoil is secured to the ground byat least one of a strut extension, rod and third cable disposedsubstantially parallel to at least one of the first cable and the secondcable.